11/27/2023 0 Comments Moderna side effect dizzinessIn the early stages of infection, the disease develops through replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus cells, before the host organism can produce an effective immune response, so at this time the best therapy model is probably an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody-based therapy. In early December 2020, the FDA approved a vaccine to prevent disease development. and by the EMA (European Medical Agency) for use in the E.U. ![]() There are now several treatment models for COVID-19 approved by the FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) for use in the U.S. The purpose of this review is to update information on the new coronavirus that is important from a therapeutic perspective, in particular the risk of ototoxicity and of inducing audiological or vestibular disorders arising from adverse reactions to drugs currently used in COVID-19 pharmacotherapy. Due to the experimental treatments used in clinical trials, the treatments may carry the risk of side-effects, in particular audio-vestibular effects. Based on this understanding, it is expected that antiviral therapies will have the greatest impact on the early stages of the disease, while immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory therapies are likely to be more beneficial in the later stages so as to prevent an outbreak of a “cytokine storm”. Later in the course of infection, the disease is fueled by an excessive immune/inflammatory response of the virus, leading to tissue damage. In the early stages of infection, the disease is driven primarily by the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Reports on the pharmacotherapy of COVID-19 patients have been presented over the past year, and they indicate two main processes involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Many of the drugs approved by EMA and FDA are new, and not every side-effect is known. However, there is still a need to monitor ototoxic side-effects because of potential interactions with other ototoxic drugs. (4) Conclusions: The ototoxicity of the drugs discussed here does not have as severe symptoms as the drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 in 2020 (e.g., hydroxychloroquine), and relates mainly to disorders of the vestibulocochlear system. As far as vaccines are concerned, dizziness as an ototoxic effect was uncommon and occurs only in hypersensitive people who experience anaphylactic shock. Following treatment for COVID-19, the most frequent adverse audio-vestibular reactions reported in clinical trials and publications in the area of audiology and otorhinolaryngology were: dizziness, blurry vision with dizziness, nasopharyngitis, dysgeusia, and tinnitus. ![]() Adverse events could be permanent or disappear over time. ![]() There were 39 publications and 15 summaries of product characteristics (as other sources of data) which were also used in this analysis. (3) Results: In accordance with EBM (evidence-based medicine) the treatment of COVID-19 by using lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, favipiravir, amantadine, oseltamivir, and ivermectin is no longer recommended for patients suffering from COVID-19 due to a lack of clinical data, publications, and recommendations. (2) Methods: Review of the available literature in the scientific databases PubMed, ResearchGate, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, and in summaries of product data sheets. ![]() (1) Background: The purpose of this article is to review pharmacological treatments for COVID-19 (currently approved by the EMA (European Medical Agency) and FDA (Food and Drug Administration)) and highlight their potential audio-vestibular side-effects as an ototoxic adverse reaction.
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